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| Cefixime Antibiotics |
Cefixime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic widely used in India and across the world. It is a semi-synthetic β-lactam drug known for its effectiveness against a broad range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Tripathi's Essentials of Medical Pharmacology says that it is a reliable oral antibiotic that is used to treat respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, ENT infections, gonorrhea, typhoid fever, and other bacterial diseases.
Cefixime belongs to a group of antibiotics developed to treat infections resistant to older drugs such as ampicillin or earlier cephalosporins. Because of its safety, stability, and convenient once-daily dosing, it is among the most prescribed antibiotics in outpatient practice.
Pharmacological Classification of Cefixime
- Class: Antibiotic
- Sub-class: Third-generation cephalosporin
- Chemical group: β-lactam compound
- Action type: Bactericidal
- Route: Oral (tablet, capsule, or suspension)
Mechanism of Action of Cefixime
Cefixime works by inhibiting bacterial cell-wall synthesis. It binds to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), which are essential for the final step of peptidoglycan cross-linking in bacterial cell walls.
When these proteins are blocked, the cell wall weakens, leading to cell lysis and bacterial death.
This mechanism is explained in Goodman & Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics and Katzung’s Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. The drug is bactericidal, meaning it kills bacteria rather than merely stopping their growth.
Therapeutic Uses of Cefixime Tablets and Capsules (Based on Textbooks)
1. Respiratory Tract Infections
Cefixime is highly effective against upper and lower respiratory tract infections, including pharyngitis, tonsillitis, bronchitis, and community-acquired pneumonia.
It acts on bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis.
Because of its good penetration in bronchial and lung tissue, doctors often prescribe it for respiratory illnesses that do not respond to milder antibiotics.
2. Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
Cefixime is frequently used in uncomplicated urinary tract infections like cystitis and pyelonephritis.
It is active against Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Since it is excreted mainly through urine, it provides a strong antibacterial concentration at the infection site, giving faster recovery and fewer recurrences.
3. Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) Infections
Doctors prescribe cefixime for otitis media (middle ear infection), sinusitis, and throat infections.
Its ability to achieve good tissue concentration and broad bacterial coverage makes it suitable for both adults and children suffering from ENT infections.
4. Gonorrhea
Cefixime is among the WHO-recommended oral antibiotics for uncomplicated gonorrhea caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
It offers a convenient oral alternative to injectable cephalosporins. However, since gonococcal resistance is increasing, this treatment should always be guided by a qualified doctor.
For detailed therapeutic guidance, refer to the Mayo Clinic description of Cefixime here:
5. Typhoid Fever
Cefixime is an important option for typhoid fever caused by Salmonella typhi, especially where older antibiotics like chloramphenicol or ampicillin fail.
In mild or moderate cases, it provides effective treatment with minimal side effects and is often used in children who cannot take fluoroquinolones.
This indication is supported by Tripathi’s Essentials of Medical Pharmacology and Katzung’s Basic and Clinical Pharmacology.
6. Other Bacterial Infections
Cefixime can also be prescribed for skin and soft-tissue infections, mild gastrointestinal infections, and early cases of bacteremia, provided the infection is due to susceptible organisms.
It should never be used for viral illnesses like the common cold or flu, since antibiotics do not work against viruses.
Spectrum of Antibacterial Activity
Gram-positive bacteria:
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes
Gram-negative bacteria:
Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae
This wide spectrum explains why cefixime remains a preferred antibiotic for many bacterial infections in India.
Pharmacokinetic Profile
- Absorption: Well absorbed after oral administration (bioavailability ≈ 40-50%).
- Distribution: Reaches effective levels in blood, middle-ear fluid, bronchial secretions, and urine.
- Metabolism: Minimally metabolized in the liver.
- Excretion: Eliminated through urine and bile.
- Half-life: Around three to four hours, allowing once- or twice-daily dosing.
Dosage and Duration of Cefixime
Infection Type Adult Dose Duration Respiratory infections: 200–400 mg daily for 7–14 days Urinary tract infections: 200–400 mg daily for 7–10 days Gonorrhea: 400 mg, single dose. Single dose Typhoid fever: 400 mg daily for 10–14 days
Doses must always be adjusted by a qualified physician based on infection type, age, and kidney function.
Pharmacological data can also be confirmed at DrugBank:
Side Effects of Cefixime
Most patients tolerate cefixime well, but some may experience:
- Mild diarrhea or loose stools
- Abdominal discomfort
- Headache or dizziness
- Mild skin rash
Rare serious reactions may include:
- Allergic responses (rash, swelling, or anaphylaxis)
- Severe diarrhea due to Clostridium difficile
- Transient rise in liver enzymes
If any severe reaction occurs, medical attention should be sought immediately.
Precautions
- Avoid Cefixime in people allergic to cephalosporins or penicillin.
- Dose modification may be needed in renal impairment.
- Complete the full course even if symptoms improve early.
- Avoid alcohol during therapy to reduce gastric irritation.
- Do not use for self-treatment or viral infections.
Drug Interactions
- Antacids containing magnesium or aluminum can lower absorption take cefixime two hours before or after them.
- Blood thinners like warfarin may have an increased effect when used together.
- Live bacterial vaccines may become less effective.
Always tell your doctor about all ongoing medicines before starting cefixime.
Resistance and Rational Use
Irrational or incomplete use of antibiotics promotes bacterial resistance, a growing global concern.
To prevent this:
- Use Cefixime only when prescribed for confirmed bacterial infections.
- Never share or reuse leftover medicine.
- Follow the full course exactly as directed.
Practicing these steps supports India’s National Antibiotic Stewardship Program and helps preserve antibiotic effectiveness.
Advantages of Cefixime Antibiotic
- Broad coverage against multiple bacteria
- Convenient once-daily dosing
- Well tolerated in adults and children
- Effective against resistant organisms
- Minimal cross-allergy with penicillins
Summary Table: Cefixime Drug
| Cefixime Drug Information | |
|---|---|
| Parameter | Details |
| Drug Name | Cefixime |
| Drug Class | Third-Generation Cephalosporin |
| Mechanism of Action | Inhibits bacterial cell-wall synthesis |
| Spectrum | Broad spectrum – active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria |
| Uses | Respiratory, urinary, and ENT infections; gonorrhea; and typhoid |
| Route | Oral |
| Half-Life | 3-4 Hours |
| Elimination | Excreted through urine and bile |
| Pregnancy Category | B (Safe when prescribed by a doctor) |
Conclusion
Cefixime remains one of the most trusted broad-spectrum oral antibiotics in India.
It is effective for respiratory, urinary, and enteric infections and is included in many national and international treatment guidelines.
When prescribed correctly and used responsibly, it ensures safe and complete recovery without contributing to antibiotic resistance.
Never self-medicate or discontinue therapy midway. Always take Cefixime under the supervision of a registered medical practitioner.
References (Authentic Medical Sources)
- Tripathi K.D. Essentials of Medical Pharmacology, 8th Edition, Jaypee Brothers.
- Goodman & Gilman. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 14th Edition, McGraw Hill.
- Katzung B.G. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 15th Edition, McGraw Hill.
- Mayo Clinic – Cefixime (Oral Route)
- DrugBank – Cefixime Mechanism & Pharmacology
Disclaimer:
This article is written for educational and informational purposes. It follows the Government of India and the IT Act 2008 guidelines. All medical information is derived from authentic pharmacology textbooks and verified databases. For diagnosis or treatment, consult a qualified medical professional.